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How big is a Black Hole?

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         There are at least two different ways to describe how big something is. We can say how much mass it has, or we can say how much space it takes up. Let's talk first about the masses of Black Holes.          There is no limit in principle to how much or how little mass a Black Hole can have. Any amount of mass at all can in principle be made to form a Black Hole if you compress it to a high enough density. We suspect that most of the Black Holes that are actually out there were produced in the deaths of massive Stars, and so we expect those Black Holes to weigh about as much as a massive Star. A typical mass for such a Stellar Black hole would be about 10 times the mass of the Sun, or about 10^31 kilograms. Astronomers also suspect that many Galaxies harbor extremely massive Black Holes at their centers. These are thought to weigh about a million times as much as the Sun, or 10^36 kilograms.      ...
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What if the Sun become a Black Hole?

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Well, first, let me assure you that the Sun has no intention of doing any such thing. Only Stars that weigh considerably more than the Sun end their lives as Black Holes. The Sun is going to stay roughly the way it is for another five billion years or so. Then it will go through a brief phase as a red giant Star. During which time it will expand to engulf the planets Mercury and Venus and make life quite uncomfortable on Earth (oceans boiling, atmosphere escaping, that sort of things). After that, the Sun will end its life by becoming a boring White Dwarf Star. If I were you, I do make plans to move somewhere far away before any of this happens. But I digress. What if the sun did become a Black Hole for some reason? The main effect is that it would get very dark and very cold around here. The earth and the others planets would not get sucked into the Black Hole; they would keep on orbiting in exactly the same paths they follow right now. Why? Because the horizon of this Blac...
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Massless particle "Photon"

It all depends on what you call mass. Mass, as it appears in classical non relativistic case is the measure of material that is contained in the particle. That is one aspect. Mass is the one which appears the force acceleration equation. Larger the mass, lesser the acceleration for the same force. Mass is the one which decides gravitational attraction between two particles at a given distance. Generally, we take our definition of mass from Force-acceleration relations. This mass is also called Rest mass. Please note that this mass does not change as the particle gains speed.  Very interestingly, the material can be converted into energy. Once that happens material disappears and the mass is lost. The relation is E = mc^2.  People also define mass from this relation E = mc^2. The energy of a particle is E, its "so called" mass is E/c^2. This is very different from the mass that we know from force-acceleration relations. The name given is relativistic mass. In fact,...
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